The Xiongnu collected oppressively heavy taxes and the kingdoms were not able to support their demands. They, therefore, broke off all relations with the Interior and, all together, submitted to the Xiongnu again. Following this, the Western Regions became resentful and rebelled. Wang Mang, after he usurped the Throne, demoted and changed their kings and marquises.

ĭuring the time of Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping, the principalities of the Western Regions split up and formed fifty-five kingdoms. Emperor Xuan changed this title to Protector-General.Įmperor Yuan installed two Wuji Colonels to take charge of the agricultural garrisons on the frontiers of the king of Nearer Jushi. The Imperial Government established a Colonel Envoys there to direct and protect these countries. In the period of Emperor Wu, the Western Regions were under the control of the Interior. The Book of the Later Han provides a wealth of detail on developments in the region: History of Kashgar YearĬapital of an independent political entity By the time covered by the Book of the Later Han (roughly 25 to 170 CE), it had grown to 21,000 households and had 3,000 men able to bear arms. In the Book of Han, which covers the period between 125 BCE and 23 CE, it is recorded that there were 1,510 households, 18,647 people and 2,000 persons able to bear arms. The country's people practised Zoroastrianism and Buddhism before the coming of Islam. Ptolemy speaks of Scythia beyond the Imaus, which is in a “Kasia Regio”, probably exhibiting the name from which Kashgar and Kashgaria (often applied to the district) are formed. Īnother early mention of Kashgar is during the Former Han (also known as the Western Han dynasty), when in 76 BCE the Chinese conquered the Xiongnu, Yutian ( Khotan), Sulei (Kashgar) and a group of states in the Tarim Basin almost up to the foot of the Tian Shan range. The earliest mention of Kashgar occurs when a Chinese Han dynasty envoy traveled the Northern Silk Road to explore lands to the west.

Relief with Ban Chao and King Yule (Zhong) of Kashgar in 73 CE Transliterations of the other Uyghur name كاشغەر ( Kashgher) include: Kaxĝär (SASM/GNC strict) or Kaxgar (SASM/GNC broad).

Transliterations of the official Uyghur قەشقەر ( Qeshqer) include: K̂äxk̂är ( SASM/GNC strict) or Kaxkar (SASM/GNC broad). Other names for the city, such as the old Chinese name Shule 疏勒 and Tibetan Śu-lig may have originated as an attempts to transcribe the Sanskrit name for Kashgar, Śrīkrīrāti ('fortunate hospitality'). Alternative historical Romanizations for 'Kashgar' include Cascar Its western and probably indigenous name is the Kāš ('rock'), to which the East Iranian -γar ('mountain') and Middle Persian gar/ġar, from Old Persian/ Pahlavi girīwa ('hill ridge (of a mountain)') was attached. Ptolemy (AD 90–168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasi”. The modern Chinese name is 喀什 ( Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used 喀什噶尔 ( Kāshígá'ěr). Kashgar also forms a terminus of the Karakoram Highway, whose reconstruction is considered a major part of the multibillion-dollar China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. The city was made into a Special Economic Zone in 2010, the only city in western China with this distinction. The city itself has a population of 506,640, and its urban area covers 15 km 2 (5.8 sq mi), though its administrative area extends over 555 km 2 (214 sq mi). Now administered as a county-level unit, Kashgar is the administrative center of Kashgar Prefecture, which has an area of 162,000 km 2 (63,000 sq mi) and a population of approximately 4 million as of 2010. The city has also been the site of a number of battles between various groups of people on the steppes. With a population of over 500,000, Kashgar has served as a trading post and strategically important city on the Silk Road between China, the Middle East and Europe for over 2,000 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World.Īt the convergence point of widely varying cultures and empires, Kashgar has been under the rule of the Chinese, Turkic, Mongol and Tibetan empires. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, near the border with Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Kashgar ( Uighur: قەشقەر, romanized: Qeshqer) or Kashi ( Chinese: 喀什) is an oasis city in the Tarim Basin region of Southern Xinjiang. 'Kashgar' in Uyghur Arabic (top) and Chinese characters (bottom)

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